Algebraic Expressivity Certificates for Shallow Polynomial Neural Networks

arXiv:2609.28500v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: We study exact representability by bias-free shallow polynomial neural networks using algebraic geometry. Over $\mathbb{C}$, a width-$r$ network with activation $z\mapsto z^d$ computes a sum of $r$ $d$-th powers of linear forms, whose Zariski closure is a Veronese secant variety. Ideal elimination therefore yields polynomial certificates of nonrepresentability. We implement this construction as a generic architecture-to-certificate pipeline. For quadratics, we recover the exact symmetric determinantal description and explain its dimension through orthogonal symmetry. In higher degree, the implementation recovers classical catalecticant and secant equations and maps the practical reach of direct elimination across a finite architecture sweep. We also derive the exact population loss floor for a rank-two quadratic network on the sphere, illustrating how an algebraic obstruction induces irreducible approximation error.