Dependable Agents Need Hard and Fuzzy Rules

arXiv:2611.01043v1 Announce Type: cross Abstract: Language models let software read requests in ordinary language, but they keep rules as people do: usually, and less so under pressure. Conventional code keeps rules exactly, but it cannot read a request. We argue that dependable agents need both, because the two kinds of rule cover overlapping and unequal regions of what an agent might do. Code holds the limits that can be stated exactly. Learned fuzzy rules cover the judgment that cannot. We test the hard layer in three domains, purchasing, delegation of authority and data access, on 1,340 episodes written by authors outside our team. Models left to decide for themselves executed unauthorized actions in up to 151 of 340 purchasing episodes and 269 of 470 delegation episodes, and the strongest model breached in every condition. A hard guard between proposal and action executed none, and an exhaustive search of 183,204 proposals agreed. In a further test, where an outsider wrote the owner's rules and a program mapped them to the guard, two episodes breached at a boundary we had written down in advance. We then test the pair. Concept Programming instills a named rule in a model and measures its errors on wording it never saw. A small model taught four judgment rules this way flagged 95 of 96 rule-breaking purchases that no exact rule can see, and 4 of 108 legitimate requests. Placed in front of the guard, it left 1 of 192 rule-breaking requests unstopped, where the guard alone left 77 and 70, and the guard still held every exact limit. A prompted frontier model did about as well, so the claim is that a small taught rule can do the job, not that it does it better.