Knowledge Acquisition During Pre-training? Large Language Models Learn Better With Auxiliary Views

arXiv:2609.04180v2 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Gaps remain in our understanding of how large language models (LLMs) acquire knowledge during pre-training. We find that auxiliary views, conceptual reformulations, are key to this process. We design controlled experiments to isolate this. First, holding the token budget fixed, allocating tokens from paraphrases to auxiliary views improves learning even for factual recall, which we use near-verbatim sentences from the original document to test. Second, the effectiveness of auxiliary views is not contingent on the strength of the model that generates them. Third, we establish that paraphrasing is helpful but only at smaller batch sizes. Fourth, we identify types of knowledge that aid learning in the presence of prior knowledge gaps. Finally, we examine how these effects manifest mechanistically via layer-wise biases and compression. Together, our findings suggest that auxiliary representations of knowledge are a key factor in the success of pre-training, and explains why data diversity matters. Further, our results provide clear recipes for synthetic data augmentation along with implications on the self-improvement in LLMs.