Understanding the Effect of Visual Attention in CNNs: A Decision-Space Alignment Perspective

arXiv:2611.10571v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Visual Attention enhances convolutional neural networks (CNNs) by modulating intermediate features, yet their effects on downstream decisions remain less understood. We present a decision-space framework that models multiplicative attention as an intermediate feature perturbation and derives a first-order prediction of its effect on the target-versus-competitor classification margin. We further introduce the Decision Alignment Score (DAS) to quantify the directional alignment between the perturbation and the local margin gradient. We evaluate the framework on CIFAR-100 using SimAM and CBAM across five popular CNN backbones, ResNet-18, ResNet-20, ResNet-50, ResNet-56, and MobileNetV2. The analysis examines prediction agreement, DAS margin correlations, and downstream activation-state changes. Across most final-attention configurations, predicted and actual margin changes show good agreement, while DAS exhibits positive correlations with actual margin changes. Single-attention experiments further show that prediction agreement and DAS margin correlations depend on attention placement, with stronger associations at later stages.