Explaining and interrupting collective misalignment in language model systems

arXiv:2611.11724v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: In collectives, language model agents can exchange individually innocuous messages that together support a policy violation. Understanding and preventing collective misalignment requires answering the question of which messages sufficiently influenced and necessarily enabled the violation. Collective Dependence Analysis (CDA) operationalises necessity and sufficiency to explain decisions and find the fewest removals interrupting support within tested combinations. Tests covered constructed violations, unscripted agent conversations, and recorded interactions, with selected message removals reducing violations from 93% to 6% in controlled cases. Using O(N) model evaluations for N messages, CDA achieves the same violation reduction with half the deletions of a frontier LLM judge given the transcript and asked for all supporting messages in eligible operational cases. CDA also proposes the mechanism through which the collective misalignment emerged. Nonetheless, complete explanations remain difficult on unfamiliar tasks and some removals can inadvertently disrupt correct decisions. CDA unifies explanations of collective misalignment with experimentally tested interventions.